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al-Radi

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Radi bi'llah الراضي بالله</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="List_of_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Caliphs">Caliph</a> <a href="Commander_of_the_Faithful" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Faithful">Commander of the Faithful</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of al-Radi, minted at <a href="Al-Ahwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ahwaz">al-Ahwaz</a> in 934</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">24 April 934 – 12 December 940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Muqtadir<a href="#cite_note-Duindam-1">[1]</a> 1 January 909<a href="#cite_note-Duindam-1">[1]</a> <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><a href="#cite_note-Duindam-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 940<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010393-2">[2]</a> (aged 31) <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010393-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="Al-Rusafa%2C_Iraq" title="Al-Rusafa, Iraq">al-Rusafa</a>, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">Farha<a href="#cite_note-al-Zubayr-3">[3]</a> Rabab<a href="#cite_note-al-Zubayr-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">al-Abbas</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Muqtadir al-Radi bi'llah</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Zalum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Muqtadir (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أبو العباس أحمد (محمد) بن جعفر المقتدر, <a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad (Muḥammad) ibn al-Muqtadir; 1 January 909 – 23 December 940), usually simply known by his <a href="Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> al-Radi bi'llah (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الراضي بالله, <a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Rāḍī bi'llāh, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Content with God'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1928336-4">[4]</a>), was the twentieth <a href="Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, reigning from 934 to his death. He died on 23 December 940 at the age of 31. His reign marked the end of the caliph's political power and the rise of military strongmen, who competed for the title of <a href="Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

The future al-Radi was born on 20 December 909, to the caliph <a href="Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 908–932) and a <a href="Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek</a>-born slave concubine named Zalum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a> At the age of four, he received the nominal governorship of <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and was sent with the commander-in-chief <a href="Mu'nis_al-Muzaffar" title="Mu'nis al-Muzaffar">Mu'nis al-Muzaffar</a> to Egypt, who became his tutor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a>

When Mu'nis and al-Muqtadir fell out in 927, Abu'l-Abbas and the <a href="Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a> <a href="Ibn_Muqla" title="Ibn Muqla">Ibn Muqla</a> tried to mediate between his father and the powerful commander-in-chief, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a> In 930, Abu'l-Abbas received the governorship over <a href="Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> from his father, although he remained in <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, residing in his palace in the Muharrim quarter of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a> In the next year, rumours circulated that Mu'nis intended to abduct Abu'l-Abbas, take him to Syria, and declare him caliph there. This alarmed al-Muqtadir, who had his son brought to reside with him in the caliphal palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a>

When his father was killed in 932, Abu'l-Abbas was proposed as a successor, but eventually his uncle <a href="Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 932–934) was chosen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a> Abu'l-Abbas was imprisoned as a dangerous rival, and his properties confiscated. He remained confined until the deposition of al-Qahir, when he was freed and raised to the throne (24 April 934).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2></div>

The contemporary historian <a href="Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a> describes him as pleasing in appearance, using scents in large amounts, and of a generous nature, being notable for the lavish gifts he gave his courtiers. According to al-Masudi, the caliph "enjoyed talking of the men and things of the past and sought out scholars and men of letters and frequently summoned them to his presence and lavished marks of his liberality upon them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010411-8">[8]</a> Unlike the forceful al-Qahir, he quickly became a figurehead ruler, while ambitious men seized authority in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a>

After the distinguished former <a href="Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a> <a href="Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah</a> declined to be reappointed to the office on account of his advanced age, <a href="Ibn_Muqla" title="Ibn Muqla">Ibn Muqla</a>, who had led the conspiracy against al-Qahir, received the post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194-7">[7]</a> However, for the first months of the reign, <a href="Muhammad_ibn_Yaqut" title="Muhammad ibn Yaqut">Muhammad ibn Yaqut</a> continued to be the most powerful member of the court until his downfall in April 935; only then did Ibn Muqla truly gain control of the administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a> In 935, the government was forced to take measures to confront the turmoil in Baghdad because of the behaviour of some <a href="Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> fanatics. Supported by popular sentiment, they accosted people in the streets, forced their way into private dwellings, emptied vessels of wine wherever found, broke musical instruments and mistreated female singers, pried into the details of trade, beat up their <a href="Ash'ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> rivals, and generally acted in an arbitrary manner against anyone who transgressed against their strict interpretation of Islamic law and custom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a>

By this time, the greatest threat faced by the Caliphate was the increasing independence of the regional governors, who had taken advantage of the internal quarrels in the Abbasid court to strengthen their own control over their provinces and withheld the taxes due to Baghdad, leaving the central government crippled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194-7">[7]</a> Ibn Muqla resolved to reassert his control over the neighbouring provinces by military force, and chose the <a href="Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a>-controlled <a href="Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a> as his first target: in 935 he launched a campaign that took the Hamdanid capital, <a href="Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, but he was forced to return to Baghdad. Another attempt in 936 to launch a campaign against the rebellious governor of <a href="Wasit%2C_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasit, Iraq">Wasit</a>, <a href="Muhammad_ibn_Ra'iq" title="Muhammad ibn Ra'iq">Muhammad ibn Ra'iq</a>, failed to even get started. Coupled with his failure to counter the mounting financial crisis, this last disaster led to Ibn Muqla's downfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194–195-9">[9]</a> In April 936, Ibn Muqla was arrested by Muhammad ibn Yaqut's brother, al-Muzaffar, who forced al-Radi to dismiss him as vizier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a>

Ibn Muqla's dismissal marked the end of the independence of the Abbasid caliphs, for, shortly thereafter, al-Radi appointed Ibn Ra'iq to the new post of <a href="Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a> ("commander of commanders"), a military office that became the de facto ruler of what remained of the Caliphate. The caliph retained only control of Baghdad and its immediate environs, while all government affairs passed into the hands of Ibn Ra'iq and his secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004195ff.-10">[10]</a> The name of the amir al-umara was even commemorated in the <a href="Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">khutba</a> of the <a href="Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayer</a>, alongside that of the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">[5]</a>

Al-Radi is commonly spoken of as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies with philosophers to discuss the questions of the day, or to take counsel on the affairs of State; the last to distribute largess among the needy, or to interpose to temper the severity of cruel officers.

And yet, with all this he was the mere dependent of another. Beyond the Wasir's shadow, there was little left at home. And abroad, even less: the rich East was gone, Berber Africa and Egypt also, along with the greater part of <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>; <a href="Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> was independent; peninsular <a href="Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> was held by <a href="Carmathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmathians">Carmathians</a> and native chieftains; even <a href="Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="Wasit" title="Wasit">Wasit</a> rose in revolt. The advance of the 'Greeks' (<a href="Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a>) was stayed only by the brave <a href="Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a> prince who was deservedly styled <a href="Sayf_al-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf al-Daula">Sayf al-Daula</a> '<a href="Sword" title="Sword">Sword</a> of the Nation'.

<ul><li><a href="Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDuindamArtanKunt2011" class="citation book cs1">Duindam, J.; Artan, T.; Kunt, M. (2011). Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A Global Perspective. Rulers & Elites. Brill. p. 204. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-20622-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010393-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010393_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010393_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasudi2010">Masudi 2010</a>, p. 393.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-al-Zubayr-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-Zubayr_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-Zubayr_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFal-ZubayrQaddūmī1996" class="citation book cs1">al-Zubayr, A.R.I.; Qaddūmī, G.Ḥ. (1996). Book of Gifts and Rarities. Harvard Middle Eastern monographs. Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University. p. 191. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-932885-13-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1928336-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen1928336_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 336.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéen1995368_5-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFZetterstéen1995">Zetterstéen 1995</a>, p. 368.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2007489_6-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzaydın2007">Özaydın 2007</a>, p. 489.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 194.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010411-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasudi2010411_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasudi2010">Masudi 2010</a>, p. 411.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194–195-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004194–195_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 194–195.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004195ff.-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004195ff._10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 195ff..

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBonner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_Bonner" title="Michael Bonner">Bonner, Michael</a> (2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In <a href="Chase_F._Robinson" title="Chase F. Robinson">Robinson, Chase F.</a> (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-83823-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBowen1928" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Harold (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499033">The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà: The Good Vizier</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/386849">386849</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC">The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</a> (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMasudi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Masudi</a> (2010) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5MrBgAAQBAJ">The Meadows of Gold: The Abbasids</a>. Translated by Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7103-0246-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFÖzaydın2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/razi-billah">"Râzî-Billâh"</a>. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 34 (Osmanpazari – Resuldar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 489–490. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-975-389-456-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZetterstéen1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Karl_Vilhelm_Zetterst%C3%A9en" title="Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen">Zetterstéen, K. V.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6170">"al-Rāḍī bi'llāh"</a>. In <a href="C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <a href="The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 368. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_6170">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6170</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>This text is adapted from <a href="William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a>'s <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Abbasid_Caliphs211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid Caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (749–1258)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a>[B]</li>

<li><a href="Al-Mu'tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Musta'in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mu'tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mu'tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li>

<li><a href="Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu'tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a>[B]</li>

<li><a href="Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustansir_I" title="Al-Mustansir I">al-Mustansir I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Musta'sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Mongol conquest</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> (1261–1517)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Mustansir_II" title="Al-Mustansir II">al-Mustansir II</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Hakim_I" title="Al-Hakim I">al-Hakim I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">al-Mustakfi I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Wathiq_I" title="Al-Wathiq I">al-Wathiq I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Hakim_II" title="Al-Hakim II">al-Hakim II</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mu'tadid_I" title="Al-Mu'tadid I">al-Mu'tadid I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Musta'sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Wathiq_II" title="Al-Wathiq II">al-Wathiq II</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Musta'sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Musta'in_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Musta'in (Cairo)">al-Musta'in</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mu'tadid_II" title="Al-Mu'tadid II">al-Mu'tadid II</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustakfi_II" title="Al-Mustakfi II">al-Mustakfi II</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustanjid_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustanjid (Cairo)">al-Mustanjid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil_II" title="Al-Mutawakkil II">al-Mutawakkil II</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman conquest</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[B] indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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